Function Argumants - Call By Reference
Call by reference in C
"Call by reference" in C is a method of passing arguments to a function, where the function works directly on the argument passed to it*, and any changes made to the argument within the function are reflected in the caller's scope.**
In other words, the function receives a reference to the original argument, rather than a copy of its value.
In C, "call by reference" is implemented using pointers. A pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another variable.
To pass an argument by reference, the address of the argument is passed to the function, and the function operates on the argument using the pointer.
Call by reference Example in C
Here's an example of call by reference in C:
#include <stdio.h>
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
int main()
{
int x = 10;
int y = 20;
printf("Before calling the function: x = %d, y = %d\n", x,
y); // Print the values of x and y before the function call
swap(&x, &y); // Call the swap function with call by reference
printf("After calling the function: x = %d, y = %d\n", x,
y); // Print the values of x and y after the function call
return 0;
}
Output:
Explanation
The
swap
function takes two integer pointersa
andb
and swaps the values pointed to by these pointers.The function uses the
* operator
to access the values pointed to by the pointers, and the& operator
to pass the addresses of the variablesx
andy
to the function.After the function call, the values of
x
andy
are swapped, and the change is reflected in themain
function.
When to use "Call by Reference"
When the function needs to modify the values of its arguments: The changes should be reflected in the caller's scope. This allows the caller to use the modified values after the function call.
When the arguments being passed to the function are large data structures, such as arrays or structures. In such cases, passing a copy of the data structures can be very inefficient, both in terms of memory usage and processing time. By passing a reference to the data structure, the function can modify it directly, without the need to create a copy.
When multiple values need to be returned from a function. In C, a function can only return a single value, but using call by reference, multiple values can be returned through the arguments passed to the function.
Call by reference can also be used to implement
pass-by-pointer
, which is a technique for passing pointer values as arguments to a function. This can be useful for passing arrays or dynamic data structures to a function.
"Call by reference" is a powerful technique for passing arguments to functions, but it can also lead to bugs and security vulnerabilities if not used properly.